ALPABETIZED ARCHIVES
Akbar the Great
Prompt: Compare(and contrast) the ascension of power and the maintenance of power of Akbar the Great with his contemporary Elizabeth I of England.
Angkor Wat
1. WHAT- WHEN - WHERE- WHY- HOW
(SAMPLE)
Angkor Wat; early 12th century CE; Angkor, Cambodia; Dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, this huge, jungle-bound temple complex once served as the centerpiece of the Khmer Empire, originally founded in 880. Decorated with extensive relief sculpture, the temples of Angkor Wat were intended to emulate mountains in dressed stone. (Spodek 259)
PROMPT: Describe the Khmer Empire:
(SAMPLE)
Angkor Wat; early 12th century CE; Angkor, Cambodia; Dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, this huge, jungle-bound temple complex once served as the centerpiece of the Khmer Empire, originally founded in 880. Decorated with extensive relief sculpture, the temples of Angkor Wat were intended to emulate mountains in dressed stone. (Spodek 259)
PROMPT: Describe the Khmer Empire:
Bantu Steven Biko
Bantu Steven Biko (I.A.)
Steve Biko was born on December 18, 1946 and died September 12, 1977. Mr. Biko was a noted anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. A student leader, he later founded the Black Consciousness Movement which would empower and mobilize much of the urban black population. While living, his writings and activism attempted to empower black people, and he was famous for his slogan "black is beautiful", which he described as meaning: "man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being". Despite friction between the African National Congress (ANC) and Biko throughout the 190s, the ANC has included Biko in the pantheon of struggle heroes, going as far as using his image for campaign posters in South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994. In the present post-Apartheird South Africa, Biko is now revered across the political spetrum despite obvious ideological differences. In 2004, he was voted 13th in the SABC3's Great South Africans.
Steve Biko was born on December 18, 1946 and died September 12, 1977. Mr. Biko was a noted anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. A student leader, he later founded the Black Consciousness Movement which would empower and mobilize much of the urban black population. While living, his writings and activism attempted to empower black people, and he was famous for his slogan "black is beautiful", which he described as meaning: "man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being". Despite friction between the African National Congress (ANC) and Biko throughout the 190s, the ANC has included Biko in the pantheon of struggle heroes, going as far as using his image for campaign posters in South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994. In the present post-Apartheird South Africa, Biko is now revered across the political spetrum despite obvious ideological differences. In 2004, he was voted 13th in the SABC3's Great South Africans.
Beijing Qingming Scroll (Fragment)
Fragment from Beijing Qingming Scroll
(J.H.)
Along the River During the Qingming Festival, Is the name for a series of paintings by Zhang Zeduan during the Song dynasty. They capture the daily life of citizens who live in Bianjing, the capital of his time. The whole piece was painted in hand scroll format and gives lots of insight into life back then. Because of this paintings fame it has been named “China’s Mona Lisa”, and continues to be exhibited to this day.
---------------------------
This is a famous painting along the river durinng the QingMing festival in mainland China. Qingming Festival is when Chinese people visit the graves or burial grounds of their ancestors. Traditionally, people brought a whole rooster with them to the graves they visited but the occasion has become less formal through time. The festival originated from Hanshi Day, a memorial day for Jie Zitu. Jie Zitui died in 636 B.C. in the Spring and Autumn Period. The Qingming festival falls on the first day of the fifth solar term, named Qingming. Its name basically means a time for people to go outside and enjoy the greenery of springtime and tend to the graves of departed ones.
PROMPT: What can be learned about China from the entirety of this scroll
(see: http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/song/pop/c_scroll.htm)
(J.H.)
Along the River During the Qingming Festival, Is the name for a series of paintings by Zhang Zeduan during the Song dynasty. They capture the daily life of citizens who live in Bianjing, the capital of his time. The whole piece was painted in hand scroll format and gives lots of insight into life back then. Because of this paintings fame it has been named “China’s Mona Lisa”, and continues to be exhibited to this day.
---------------------------
This is a famous painting along the river durinng the QingMing festival in mainland China. Qingming Festival is when Chinese people visit the graves or burial grounds of their ancestors. Traditionally, people brought a whole rooster with them to the graves they visited but the occasion has become less formal through time. The festival originated from Hanshi Day, a memorial day for Jie Zitu. Jie Zitui died in 636 B.C. in the Spring and Autumn Period. The Qingming festival falls on the first day of the fifth solar term, named Qingming. Its name basically means a time for people to go outside and enjoy the greenery of springtime and tend to the graves of departed ones.
PROMPT: What can be learned about China from the entirety of this scroll
(see: http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/song/pop/c_scroll.htm)
Dresden
Dresden, Germany;
(J.D.)
After the allied bombing run in 1945. Sculpture "Goodness" looks out over the ruined city after 7,100 tones of explosives are droopped on Dresden. This Military action by the RAF and the USAAF was not the biggest bombing run or the most important, it didn't even have the most casualties. What made it different is that it killed the most amount of civilians. This city was not evern militarily imporatnt to the Germans, but the allied forces bombed ita nd killed an estimated 25,000 civilians. The reason claimed by the allies for the bombs were to take out transportation systems in German, but if you study the evidence it was really a random area bombing adn no industiral factories or bridges were targeted.
PROMPT: What war crimes were committed during WWI and WWII? Who should be punished and who should do the punishing?
(J.D.)
After the allied bombing run in 1945. Sculpture "Goodness" looks out over the ruined city after 7,100 tones of explosives are droopped on Dresden. This Military action by the RAF and the USAAF was not the biggest bombing run or the most important, it didn't even have the most casualties. What made it different is that it killed the most amount of civilians. This city was not evern militarily imporatnt to the Germans, but the allied forces bombed ita nd killed an estimated 25,000 civilians. The reason claimed by the allies for the bombs were to take out transportation systems in German, but if you study the evidence it was really a random area bombing adn no industiral factories or bridges were targeted.
PROMPT: What war crimes were committed during WWI and WWII? Who should be punished and who should do the punishing?
Great Mosque of Djenne
The Great Mosque of Djenne
(A.B.)
Who: Sultan Kunburu and the people of Djenne
What: The Great Mosque of Djenne, the largest mud brick building in the world and one of the most famous landmarks in Africa
Where: Djenne, Mali, Africa, on the flood plain of the Bani River.
Why: Originally, the site where the current mosque is standing was occupied by a string of different conical spires that possibly represented the protective spirits of ancestors, and following that, a palace for the sultan. As early as 1240, the reigning sultan, Sultan Kunburu, converted to Islam (which was rapidly taking over northern Africa at the time) and had his palace pulled down and a mosque built in its place. During the Middle Age, the mosque served as an important structure, both as an icon of Djenne, one of the most important Islamic learning centers of the time, and of Mali, and the mosque also served as a rallying point for the local people, with many festivals occurring in and around it.
When: circa 1240: the original mosque is built by Sultan Kunburu. 1818: the mosque falls into disrepair under the neglect of Djenne’s leader Seku Amadu. 1906: the mosque is rebuilt, staying fairly true to its original form.
(A.B.)
Who: Sultan Kunburu and the people of Djenne
What: The Great Mosque of Djenne, the largest mud brick building in the world and one of the most famous landmarks in Africa
Where: Djenne, Mali, Africa, on the flood plain of the Bani River.
Why: Originally, the site where the current mosque is standing was occupied by a string of different conical spires that possibly represented the protective spirits of ancestors, and following that, a palace for the sultan. As early as 1240, the reigning sultan, Sultan Kunburu, converted to Islam (which was rapidly taking over northern Africa at the time) and had his palace pulled down and a mosque built in its place. During the Middle Age, the mosque served as an important structure, both as an icon of Djenne, one of the most important Islamic learning centers of the time, and of Mali, and the mosque also served as a rallying point for the local people, with many festivals occurring in and around it.
When: circa 1240: the original mosque is built by Sultan Kunburu. 1818: the mosque falls into disrepair under the neglect of Djenne’s leader Seku Amadu. 1906: the mosque is rebuilt, staying fairly true to its original form.
Hinmuuttu-yalatlat (Chief Joseph)
The Nez Perce Tribe’s Chief Joseph (aka Hinmuuttu-yalatlat)
(A.B.)
Who: Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Native Americans fleeing the U.S. Army
What: Chief Joseph’s father signed a treaty in 1855, which would maintain some of the homeland of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce tribe, with the U.S. Army, hoping for peace between the Nez Perce and the U.S. But in 1877, the treaty was reversed and the Army insisted that the Wallowa band move to the Idaho reservation with the rest of the Nez Perce. Joseph reluctantly agreed, but when a few Nez Perce boys protested the treaty-reversal by killing 4 white men, the Nez Perce were forced to flee to Canada (or rather, attempt to flee to Canada) to avoid a war with the Army
Where: the Wallowa Valley in Oregon was where Chief Joseph was born in 1840, and the fleeing Nez Perce were overtaken in 1877 by the Army in the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana
Why: the Wallowa Nez Perce fled in part because the Army had backed out of the treaty saying that the Wallowa could stay on their homeland and not have to move to a reservation, and in part because several Nez Perce boys had killed 4 white men to get revenge on the whites and Chief Joseph wanted to have peace between the whites and the Nez Perce, so he thought seeking sanctuary in Canada was a better alternative to war
When: 1840: Chief Joseph born; 1855: Chief Joseph’s father (Joseph the Elder) signed a treaty with the U.S. to keep Wallowa Nez Perce lands; 1871: Joseph becomes Chief Joseph; 1877: treaty reversed and Wallowa told to move to Idaho reservation with the rest of the Nez Perce; July, 1877: Wallowa begin their three-month-long attempted flight to Canada; October 5, 1877: Wallowa Nez Perce overtaken by U.S. Army, and, following a 5-day battle, Chief Joseph surrendered to the U.S.; 1904: Chief Joseph dies on the reservation
PROMPT: What is the constitutionality of treaty reversals? What legally is owned by the Natives according to American law? Why do they not control these "possessions"?
(A.B.)
Who: Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Native Americans fleeing the U.S. Army
What: Chief Joseph’s father signed a treaty in 1855, which would maintain some of the homeland of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce tribe, with the U.S. Army, hoping for peace between the Nez Perce and the U.S. But in 1877, the treaty was reversed and the Army insisted that the Wallowa band move to the Idaho reservation with the rest of the Nez Perce. Joseph reluctantly agreed, but when a few Nez Perce boys protested the treaty-reversal by killing 4 white men, the Nez Perce were forced to flee to Canada (or rather, attempt to flee to Canada) to avoid a war with the Army
Where: the Wallowa Valley in Oregon was where Chief Joseph was born in 1840, and the fleeing Nez Perce were overtaken in 1877 by the Army in the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana
Why: the Wallowa Nez Perce fled in part because the Army had backed out of the treaty saying that the Wallowa could stay on their homeland and not have to move to a reservation, and in part because several Nez Perce boys had killed 4 white men to get revenge on the whites and Chief Joseph wanted to have peace between the whites and the Nez Perce, so he thought seeking sanctuary in Canada was a better alternative to war
When: 1840: Chief Joseph born; 1855: Chief Joseph’s father (Joseph the Elder) signed a treaty with the U.S. to keep Wallowa Nez Perce lands; 1871: Joseph becomes Chief Joseph; 1877: treaty reversed and Wallowa told to move to Idaho reservation with the rest of the Nez Perce; July, 1877: Wallowa begin their three-month-long attempted flight to Canada; October 5, 1877: Wallowa Nez Perce overtaken by U.S. Army, and, following a 5-day battle, Chief Joseph surrendered to the U.S.; 1904: Chief Joseph dies on the reservation
PROMPT: What is the constitutionality of treaty reversals? What legally is owned by the Natives according to American law? Why do they not control these "possessions"?
Hulagu Khan and Queen Dokuz Khatun
(N.K. and D.M.)
Who: Hulagu Khan and his Queen Dokuz Khatun, with their servants.
What: Hulagu Khan was a Mongol conqueror and the founder of the dynasty of the Il-Khans of Iran. He also has conqueror much of Southwest Asia. Hulagu was the grandson of Genghis Khan. Also the younger brother of Arik Boke, Mongke, and Kublai Khan. Hulagu conquered Muslim Syria, in alliance with their Christian subjects from Cilician Armenia, Georgia, and the Franks of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli.
Where: Southwest Asia
Why: To conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in Southwestern Asia
When: 1217-1265
How: Through military conquest
What: Hulagu Khan was a Mongol conqueror and the founder of the dynasty of the Il-Khans of Iran. He also has conqueror much of Southwest Asia. Hulagu was the grandson of Genghis Khan. Also the younger brother of Arik Boke, Mongke, and Kublai Khan. Hulagu conquered Muslim Syria, in alliance with their Christian subjects from Cilician Armenia, Georgia, and the Franks of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli.
Where: Southwest Asia
Why: To conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in Southwestern Asia
When: 1217-1265
How: Through military conquest
Hyksos
A.B.
Prompt: What is the significance of the Hyksos? How did they spread Egyptian culture?
Prompt: What is the significance of the Hyksos? How did they spread Egyptian culture?
Lacks, Henrietta
Henrietta Lacks is known as the "immortal woman" after her cancer cells were extracted for research and continously reproduced even well after her death.
Prompt: What is the significance of medical research? What advancements have been made since 1800?
Prompt: What is the significance of medical research? What advancements have been made since 1800?
Oyotunjii African Village
African Village in America (Kingdom of Oyotunji) (A.B.)
The picture of the Oyotunji African Village and Orisa-Vodou Spiritual Lineage website. The Oyotunjii African Village is a genuine African village, but it is located in Sheldon, South Carolina. It was formed in 1970 by the late Oba Efuntola Oseijeman Adelabu Adefunmi I, to be a village in America for Africans. The village is based upon black-nationalism mixed with Yoruba and Fon cultures (the Yoruba and Fon are major ethnic and linguistic groups in West Africa).
PROMPT: Reflect upon the legitimacy of this African Village.
The picture of the Oyotunji African Village and Orisa-Vodou Spiritual Lineage website. The Oyotunjii African Village is a genuine African village, but it is located in Sheldon, South Carolina. It was formed in 1970 by the late Oba Efuntola Oseijeman Adelabu Adefunmi I, to be a village in America for Africans. The village is based upon black-nationalism mixed with Yoruba and Fon cultures (the Yoruba and Fon are major ethnic and linguistic groups in West Africa).
PROMPT: Reflect upon the legitimacy of this African Village.
Pope John Paul II (Blessed John Paul II) and Solidarity Leader (later President of Poland) Lech Walesa
Prompt: What commonalities did John Paul II have with his Polish compatriat, Lech Walesa?
Sufi Mysticism
Prompt: Compare the beliefs of the Sufi to that of the Sunni and Shi'a.
Tului (or Tolui) Khan and Borte
From www.warandgame.info/2010_05_02_archive.html
Mongol leader Tului (or Tolui) Khan was the fourth son of Genghis Khan and his principal wife, Borte. He was a warrior and a heavy drinker and as his brothers he accompanied his father on campaigns and also commanded troops. To minimize tensions among them Genghis had divided his empire among his sons shortly before his death in 1227. According to Mongol custom the oldest son is assigned lands farthest away from the paternal homeland. Since the eldest son, Juji, died six months before his death, Genghis gave Batu, eldest son of Juji, the westernmost conquest, which included Russia, called the khanate of the Golden Horde. His second son, Chagatai Khan, received most of Central Asia. His third son, Ogotai Khan, received western China and parts of Central Asia and was nominated (subject to confirmation by the Mongol council, or kuriltai) khaghan, or khan of khans. Tului was given the homeland, Mongolia (Mongol custom gave the youngest the paternal homeland) plus northern China and the bulk of the main Mongol military forces of over 100,000 men. His control of this force would greatly benefit the fortune of his sons as they competed for control of the inheritance of Genghis Khan.
Mongol leader Tului (or Tolui) Khan was the fourth son of Genghis Khan and his principal wife, Borte. He was a warrior and a heavy drinker and as his brothers he accompanied his father on campaigns and also commanded troops. To minimize tensions among them Genghis had divided his empire among his sons shortly before his death in 1227. According to Mongol custom the oldest son is assigned lands farthest away from the paternal homeland. Since the eldest son, Juji, died six months before his death, Genghis gave Batu, eldest son of Juji, the westernmost conquest, which included Russia, called the khanate of the Golden Horde. His second son, Chagatai Khan, received most of Central Asia. His third son, Ogotai Khan, received western China and parts of Central Asia and was nominated (subject to confirmation by the Mongol council, or kuriltai) khaghan, or khan of khans. Tului was given the homeland, Mongolia (Mongol custom gave the youngest the paternal homeland) plus northern China and the bulk of the main Mongol military forces of over 100,000 men. His control of this force would greatly benefit the fortune of his sons as they competed for control of the inheritance of Genghis Khan.
Ummayad Dynasty
Prompt: Compare the Ummayad and Abbasid Dynasties.
William Walker
William Walker
(STUMPER)
Who: William Walker, born in Tennessee, self proclaimed President of Republic of Baja California; Republic of Sonora; Republic of Nicaragua (1856-1857); Republic of Hondorus (1860). Only Nicaragua was a legitimate presidency.
What: Took it upon himself to "filibuster" (establishing English speaking colonies under personal control) Latin America.
When: life: 1824-1860; campaigns1850-1860
Where: Latin America
Why: Due to the ideological stance of Manifest Destiny as well as division of free and slave state and the recent success of the newly annexed state of Texas, Walker was easily able to / attempt to "filibuster" a colony.
How: Mostly through support of others and circumstance. (support of two US Presidents, Nicaraguan politicians in need of a military support from Walker's American mercenaries, and English speaking inhabitants in Latin America - e.g. Hondorus)
PROMPT: How does William Walker reflect the times he was living in?
(STUMPER)
Who: William Walker, born in Tennessee, self proclaimed President of Republic of Baja California; Republic of Sonora; Republic of Nicaragua (1856-1857); Republic of Hondorus (1860). Only Nicaragua was a legitimate presidency.
What: Took it upon himself to "filibuster" (establishing English speaking colonies under personal control) Latin America.
When: life: 1824-1860; campaigns1850-1860
Where: Latin America
Why: Due to the ideological stance of Manifest Destiny as well as division of free and slave state and the recent success of the newly annexed state of Texas, Walker was easily able to / attempt to "filibuster" a colony.
How: Mostly through support of others and circumstance. (support of two US Presidents, Nicaraguan politicians in need of a military support from Walker's American mercenaries, and English speaking inhabitants in Latin America - e.g. Hondorus)
PROMPT: How does William Walker reflect the times he was living in?
Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe Ruins:
(A.G.)
What: Ancient Ruined city which was the capital of the kingdom of Zimbabwe
When: 1100-1450 AD
Where: Zimbabwe, Africa
How: Began being constructed in 11th century and held up to 18,000 people
Why: Was the Royal Palace for the Zimbabwean monarch
PROMPT: How are Zimbabwe's representations of the centralized governments? Do all urbanizations occur in the same vein?
(A.G.)
What: Ancient Ruined city which was the capital of the kingdom of Zimbabwe
When: 1100-1450 AD
Where: Zimbabwe, Africa
How: Began being constructed in 11th century and held up to 18,000 people
Why: Was the Royal Palace for the Zimbabwean monarch
PROMPT: How are Zimbabwe's representations of the centralized governments? Do all urbanizations occur in the same vein?